1) The Berlin Conference in 1884-1885 divided Africa among European powers and set the stage for the colonization of the continent.

2) The Earth's core is primarily composed of iron and nickel and is as hot as the surface of the sun.

3) Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, made from the roasted seeds of the Coffea plant. It is known for its stimulating effects due to its caffeine content and is enjoyed in various forms, including espresso, cappuccino, and latte. The cultivation and preparation of coffee have evolved into an art form, with different regions and methods producing unique flavors and profiles, offering a diverse range of experiences for coffee lovers.

4) The role of the judiciary is to interpret laws, resolve disputes, and ensure justice in accordance with legal principles and the constitution. It serves as a check on the executive and legislative branches of government.